Geography Question for Various Competitive Exams like SSC , IBPS, ARMY etc.........

DIFFERENT SOILS IN INDIA

    ·        SOIL IS OUR PRIME AND NATURAL RESOURCE AS INDIA IS AN              AGRARIAN COUNTRY, SOIL PLAYS A VITAL ROLE IN ITS ECONOMY.

   ·        INDIAN INDUSTRY ARE MAINLY AGRO BASED INDUSTRY

·             ABOUT 65 TO 70% OF THE TOTAL POPULATION OF THE COUNTRY IS        DEPENDENT ON AGRICULTURE.

    

  GENERALLY SIX TYPES OF SOIL FOUND IN INDIA

·                                      ALLUVIAL SOIL

·                                      REGUR OR BLACK SOIL

·                                     RED SOIL

·                                     LATERITE SOIL

·                                     DESERT SOIL

·                                    MOUNTAIN SOIL

ALLUVIAL SOIL:

·        DEPOSITION OF MATERIALS BY SEA AND RIVER IS CALLED ALLUVIUM AND THE SOIL FORMED DUE TO DEPOSITION OF ALLUVIUM IS CALLED AS ALLUVIAL SOIL.

·        THIS TYPE OF SOIL IS MAINLY FOUND IN THE INDO-GANGA AN D BRAHAMPUTRA PLAIN i.e. THE WHOLE NORTHERN PLAIN AND IN SOME PARTS OF RIVER BASIN IN SOUTH AND SOME PLATEAU REGION.

·        THE SOIL IS ALSO FOUND IN THE DELTAS OF THE MAHANADI, GODAVARI, CAUVERI AND KRISHNA.

·        ALLUVIAL SOIL CAN BE BROADLY CATEGORISED IN TWO TYPES:

§  NEW ALLUVIAL SOIL: FOUND IN THE FLOOD PLAIN  OF THE RIVER AND IS MUCH

FERTILE IN COMPARISON TO THE OLD ALLUVIAL SOIL

§  OLD ALLUVIAL SOIL: FOUND IN SLIGHTLY ELEVATED AREAS FAR AWAY FROM RIVER AND ARE CLAYEY AND STICKY

·        CROPS GROWN: ALLUVIAL SOIL IS SUITABLE FOR THE RABI AND KHARIF CROP LIKE CEREALS, COTTONS, OILSEEDS AND SUGARCANE.

REGUR OR BLACK SOIL:

·        THE BLACK SOILS HAVE DEVELOPED EXTENSIVELY UPON THE LAVA PLATEAUS OF MAHARASHTRA, GUJARAT, MADHYA PRADESH MAINLY MALWA AND ARE FORMED DUE TO VOLCANIC ACTIVITIES.

·        THESE SOILS ARE VERY FERTILE AND CONTAIN A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF LIME AND A MODERATE AMOUNT OF POTASH.

·        THE TYPE OF SOIL IS ESPECIALLY SUITED FOR THE CULTIVATION OF COTTON AND HENCE SOMETIMES CALLED “BLACK COTTON SOIL”.

·        CROPS GROWN: COTTON, JOWAR, WHEAT, LINSEED, GRAM, FRUIT AND VEGETABLE.

RED SOIL:

·        RED SOILS DEVELOP ON GRANITE AND GENESES ROCKS UNDER LOW RAINFALL CONDITION I.E DUE TO WEATHERING OF THE METAMORPHIC ROCKS.

·        THESE SOILS ARE RED IN COLOR DUE TO HIGH CONCENTRATION OF IRON OXIDE.

·        THESE SOILS ARE FRIABLE AND MEDIUM FERTILE AND FOUND MAINLY IN ALMOST WHOLE OF TAMIL NADU, SOUTH-EASTERN KARNATAKA, NORTH-EASTERN AND SOUTH-EASTERN MADHYA PRADESH, JHARKHAND THE MAJOR PARTS OF ORISSA AND THE HILLS AND PLATEAUS OF NORTH-EAST INDIA.

·        THESE SOILS ARE DEFICIENT IN PHOSPHORIC ACID, ORGANIC MATTER AND NITROGENEOUS MATERIAL.

·        CROPS GROWN: WHEAT, RICE, MILLET, PULSES.

LATERITE SOIL:

·        LATERITE IS A KIND OF CLAYEY ROCK OR SOIL FORMED UNDER HIGH TEMPERATURE AND HIGH RAINFALL AND WITH ALTERNATE DRY AND WET PERIOD.

·        LATERITIC SOIL ARE FOUND IN SOUTH MAHARASHTRA, THE WESTERN GHATS IN KERALA AND KARNATAKA, SOME PLACES IN ODISHA AND ASSAM, TAMIL NADU AND WEST BENGAL.

·        CROPS GROWN: IT IS UNSUITABLE FOR AGRICULTURE DUE TO HIGH CONTENT OF ACIDITY AND INABILITY TO RETAIN MOISTURE.

DESERT SOIL:

·        THIS TYPE OF SOIL IS FOUND IN RAJASTHAN, HARYANA AND THE SOUTH PUNJAB.

·        IN THE ABSENCE OF SUFFICIENT WASH BY RAINWATER SOILS HAVE BECOME SALINE AND RATHER UNFIT FOR CULTIVATION.

·        IN SPITE OF THAT CULTIVATION CAN BE CARRIED ON WITH THE HELP OF MODERN IRRIGATION.

·        CROPS GROWN: WHEAT ,BAJRA,GROUNDNUT ETC.

·        THIS SOIL IS RICH IN PHOSPHATES AND CALCIUM  BUT DEFICIENT IN NITROGEN AND HUMUS.

MOUNTAIN SOIL:

·        THIS SOIL IS FOUND IN HIGHER ALTITUDE ON MOUNTAIN .

·        THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THIS TYPE OF SOIL ARE CHANGED ACCORDING TO THE ALTITUDE.

·        IT IS SUITABLE FOR CULTIVATION OF POTATOES, FRUITS, TEA, COFFEE, SPICES AND WHEAT.

TYPES OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIA:

DIFFERENT AGRICULTURE PRACTICES IN INDIA ARE AS FOLLOWS:

SUBSISTENCE FARMING:

·        IT IS A TYPE OF FARMING IN WHICH NEARLY ALL THE CROPS OR LIVESTOCK RAISED.

·        IT USUALLY CONSISTS OF NO MORE THAN A FEW ACRES, AND FARM TECHNOLOGY TENDS TO BE PRIMITIVE AND OF LOW YIELD.

MIXED FARMING:

·        IT IS AN AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE IN WHICH  A  FARMER CONDUCTS DIFFERENT AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE TOGETHER, SUCH AS CASH CROPS AND LIVESTOCK.

·        THE AIM IS TO INCREASE INCOME THROUGH DIFFERENT SOURCES AND TO COMPLEMENT LAND AND LABOUR DEMANDS ACROSS THE YEAR.

SHIFTING CULTIVATION:

·        SHIFTING CULTIVATION MEANS MIGRATORY SHIFTING AGRICULTURE.

·        UNDER THIS SYSTEM, A PLOT OF LAND IS CULTIVATED FOR A FEW YEARS AND THEN WHEN THE CROP YIELD DECLINES BECAUSE OF SOIL EXHAUSTION AND THE EFFECTS OF PESTS AND WEEDS, IS DESERTED FOR ANOTHER AREA.

·        HERE THE GROUND IS AGAIN CLEARED BY SLASH-AND –BURN METHODS AND THE PROCEDURE IS REPEATED.

·        SHIFTING CULTIVATION IS PREDOMINANT IN THE FOREST AREAS OF ASSAM (KNOWN AS JHUM), MEGHALAYA, NAGALAND, MANIPUR, TRIPURA, MIZORAM, ARUNACHAL PRADESH, MADHYA PRADESH, ORISSA AND ANDHRA PRADESH.

TYPES OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIA:

DIFFERENT AGRICULTURE PRACTICES IN INDIA ARE AS FOLLOWS:

SUBSISTENCE FARMING:

·        IT IS A TYPE OF FARMING IN WHICH NEARLY ALL THE CROPS OR LIVESTOCK RAISED.

·        IT USUALLY CONSISTS OF NO MORE THAN A FEW ACRES, AND FARM TECHNOLOGY TENDS TO BE PRIMITIVE AND OF LOW YIELD.

MIXED FARMING:

·        IT IS AN AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE IN WHICH  A  FARMER CONDUCTS DIFFERENT AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE TOGETHER, SUCH AS CASH CROPS AND LIVESTOCK.

·        THE AIM IS TO INCREASE INCOME THROUGH DIFFERENT SOURCES AND TO COMPLEMENT LAND AND LABOUR DEMANDS ACROSS THE YEAR.

SHIFTING CULTIVATION:

·        SHIFTING CULTIVATION MEANS MIGRATORY SHIFTING AGRICULTURE.

·        UNDER THIS SYSTEM, A PLOT OF LAND IS CULTIVATED FOR A FEW YEARS AND THEN WHEN THE CROP YIELD DECLINES BECAUSE OF SOIL EXHAUSTION AND THE EFFECTS OF PESTS AND WEEDS, IS DESERTED FOR ANOTHER AREA.

·        HERE THE GROUND IS AGAIN CLEARED BY SLASH-AND –BURN METHODS AND THE PROCEDURE IS REPEATED.

·        SHIFTING CULTIVATION IS PREDOMINANT IN THE FOREST AREAS OF ASSAM (KNOWN AS JHUM), MEGHALAYA, NAGALAND, MANIPUR, TRIPURA, MIZORAM, ARUNACHAL PRADESH, MADHYA PRADESH, ORISSA AND ANDHRA PRADESH.

   EXTENSIVE  CULTIVATION:

·        THIS IS  A SYSTEM OF FARMING IN WHICH THE FARMER USES THE LIMITED AMOUNT OF LABOUR AND CAPITAL ON RELATIVELY LARGE AREA.

·        THIS TYPE OF AGRICULTURE IS PRACTISED IN COUNTRIES WHERE POPULATION SIZE IS SMALL AND LAND IS ENOUGH.

·        PER ACRE YIELD IS LOW BUT THE OVERALL PRODUCTION IS IN SURPLUS DUE TO LESS POPULATION.

·        HERE MACHINES AND TECHNOLOGY ARE USED IN FARMING.

     

   INTENSIVE FARMING:

·        IN THIS SYSTEM OF FARMING CULTIVATOR USES LARGE AMOUNT OF LABOUR AND CAPITAL ON A RELATIVELY SMALL AREA.

·        IT IS PERFORMED IN COUNTRIES WHERE THE POPULATION TO LAND RATIO IS HIGH i.e. POPULATION IS BIG LAND IS SMALL.

·        ANNUALLY TWO OR THREE TYPES OF CROPS ARE GROWN OVER THE LAND.

·        MANUAL LABOUR IS USED.

   PLANTATION AGRICULTURE:

·        IN THIS TYPE OF AGRICULTURE CASH CROPS ARE MAINLY CULTIVATED.

·        A SINGLE CROP LIKE RUBBER, SUGARCANE, COFFEE, TEA IS GROWN.

·        THESE CROPS ARE MAJOR ITEMS OF EXPORT.

NATIONAL PARKS IN INDIA

NATIONAL PARKS IN KARNATAKA

·        KUDREMUKH NATIONAL PARK

·        RAJIV GANDHI NATIONAL PARK

·        BANNERGHATTA NATIONAL PARK

·        BANDIPUR NATIONAL PARK

·        ANSHI NATIONAL PARK

NATIONAL PARKS IN UTTARAKHAND

·        CORBETT NATIONAL PARK

·        VALLEY OF FLOWERS NATIONAL PARK

·        RAJAJI NATIONAL PARK

·        GANGOTRI NATIONAL PARK

·        GOVIND PASHU VIHAR

·        NANDA DEVI NATIONAL PARK

NATIONAL PARKS IN TAMIL NADU

·        GUINDY NATIONAL PARK

·        GULF OF MANNAR MARINE NATIONAL PARK

·        INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL PARK

·        PALANI HILLS NATIONAL PARK

·        MUKURTHI NATIONAL PARK

·        MUDUMALAI NATIONAL PARK

NATIONAL PARKS IN WEST BENGAL

·        GORUMARA NATIONAL PARK

·        SINGALILA NATIONAL PARK

·        SUNDARBANS NATION AL PARK

·        NEORA VALLEY NATIONAL PARK

NATIONAL PARKS IN RAJASTHAN

·        SARISKA NATIONAL PARK

·        RANTHAMBORE NATIONAL PARK

·        DESERT NATIONAL PARK

·        DARRAH NATIONAL  PARK

·        KEOLADEO NATIONAL PARK

·        MOUNT ABU WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

NATIONAL PARKS IN MAHARASHTRA

·        CHANDOLI NATIONAL  PARK

·        TADOBA NATIONAL PARK

·        GUGUMAI NATIONAL PARK

·        NAVEGAON NATIONAL PARK

·        PENCH NATIONAL PARK

·        SANJAY GANDHI NATIONAL PARK OR BORIVILLI NATIONAL PARK

NATIONAL PARKS IN ASSAM

·        DIBRU – SAIKHOWAL NATIONAL PARK

·        KAZIRANGA NATIONAL PARK

·        ORANG NATIONAL PARK

·        NAMERI NATIONAL PARK

·        MANAS NATIONAL PARK

NATIONAL PARKS IN GUJRAT

·        VANSDA NATIONAL PARK

·        BLACBUCK NATIONAL PARK

·        GIR NATIONAL PARK

·        GULF OF KACHH MARINE NATIONAL PARK

NATIONAL PARKS IN MADHYA PRADESH

·        BANDHAVGARH NATIONAL PARK

·        VAN VIHAR NATIONAL PARK

·        SATPURA NATIONAL PARK

·        SANJAY NAITONAL PARK

·        PENCH NATIONAL PARK

·        MADHAV NATIONAL PARK

·        PANNA NATIONAL PARK

·        KANHA NATIONAL PARK

·        MANDIA PLANT FOSSIL NATIONAL PARK

NATIONAL PARKS IN MANIPUR

·        KEIBUL  LAMJAO NATIONAL PARK

·        SIROHI NATIONAL PARK

NATIONAL PARKS IN MEGHALAYA

·        NOKREK NATIONAL  PARKS

·        BALPHAKRAM NATIONAL PARK

NATIONAL PARKS IN ANDHRA PRADESH

·        MAHAVIR HARINA VANASTHALI NATIONAL PARK

·        ANDHRA PRADESH KASU BRAHAMANANDA REDDY

NATIONAL PARK

·        MRUGAVANI NATIONAL PARK

·        SIR VENKATESWARA NATIONAL PARK

NATIONAL PARKS IN ANDAMAN  NICOBAR ISLAND

·        CAMPBELL BAY NATIONAL PARK

·        GALATHEA NATIONAL PARK

·        MAHATMA GANDHI MARINE NATIONAL PARK

·        MIDDLE BUTTON ISLAND NATIONAL PARK

·        MOUNT HARRIET NATIONAL PARK

·        NORTH BUTTON ISLAND NATIONAL PARK

·        RANI JHANSI MARINE NATIONAL PARK

·        SADDLE PEAK NATIONAL PARK

·        SOUTH BUTTON ISLAND NATIONAL PARK